Presentation
The Design of Two-Stage Warnings: Investigating Modality, Temporal Interval, and Directionality
SessionThursday Poster Session
DescriptionIn semi-automated driving, two-stage warnings, comprising a prewarning and a take-over-request (TOR), are more effective for planned transitions, such as highway exits, than single-stage TORs. These warnings are critical during distracted driving, as they provide a window for drivers to re-engage with the vehicle before a maneuver. While these warnings vary by modality, temporal interval, and the prewarning’s directionality, the optimal design remains undetermined. This study investigated whether two-stage warnings outperformed single-stage warnings in improving takeover performance and identified which design was most effective. In this study, the prewarning and TOR varied in their modality (auditory or vibrotactile), the temporal interval between the two (3, 17, 31, 45, 59 s), and the prewarning’s condition (directional, nondirectional, or no prewarning included). To simulate distracted driving, participants played Tetris until the prewarning (for two-stage warnings) or the TOR (single-stage warnings) occurred. After the TOR, participants steered in the direction of a highway exit. Results indicated that participants responded fastest to auditory TORs, with shorter intervals yielding quicker responses than longer ones, regardless of the prewarning’s modality. Notably, even the worst-performing two-stage design resulted in faster responses than the single-stage warning. We recommend that two-stage warnings utilize shorter intervals and an auditory TOR.
Event Type
Poster
TimeThursday, October 22nd5:30pm - 6:30pm PDT
Location
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