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Integrating Task and System Perspectives: The Performance Analysis Technique for Analyzing Procedural Work
DescriptionHigh-risk industries utilize Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to maintain safe operations and regulatory compliance (CCPS, 2010). These procedures provide detailed, step-by-step instructions for workers performing both routine and non-routine tasks, specifying the work scope, hazards, equipment requirements, and documentation needs (UK Health and Safety Executive, 2020). However, a persistent gap exists between how work is prescribed in procedures (Work-As-Imagined or WAI) and how it is performed (Work-As-Done or WAD) (Hollnagel, 2012). This discrepancy becomes particularly significant in dynamic environments where workers must adapt to changing conditions, such as competing priorities or varying worker competencies (Dekker, 2003; Hale & Borys, 2013). While research has identified this gap, few studies have examined these differences during normal operations, particularly in high-risk industries such as oil and gas (Sasangohar et al., 2018). This study introduces the Performance Analysis Technique (PAT), an analytical approach that integrates Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) and Abstraction Hierarchy (AH) to systematically examine the differences between WAI and WAD.