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Development of a Low-Cost 3D-Printed Fracture Reduction Simulator Using a Human Factors Approach
DescriptionClosed fracture reduction of the distal radius is a psychomotor task that is often encountered in Emergency Medicine (EM), yet opportunities for EM physician resident trainees to practice are often limited by both available simulators and division of patient cases with other specialties (i.e., Orthopedics). This creates a mismatch between required psychomotor skill acquisition and available practice, increasing reliance on first-time performance in real clinical settings. Simulation offers a way to provide repeatable, low-risk practice, but existing fracture reduction trainers are often cost-prohibitive, limiting access for EM trainees. This motivated the development of a simulator that prioritizes functional and haptic fidelity while remaining affordable and accessible. The objective of this work was to develop a low-cost, 3D-printed simulator for distal radius fracture reduction that supports psychomotor demands of the task. A secondary objective was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the prototype through expert user testing with EM attending physicians to assess its functional alignment and training relevance for EM trainees.