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Human Factors–Based User Interface Design of a Modular Hemodynamic and Bladder Monitoring System
DescriptionContinuous monitoring of hemodynamic status and bladder residual volume is essential for improving patient safety and postoperative outcomes. To support integrated patient management, the CW30 modular monitoring system was developed using patch-type ultrasound probes and artificial intelligence for continuous assessment of fluid responsiveness and bladder status. This study applied a human factors–based usability engineering approach to optimize the user interface (UI) design of the system. Two iterative formative evaluations based on IEC 62366-1 were conducted with healthcare professionals experienced in patient monitoring. The first evaluation identified user preferences and potential use-related issues associated with module display modes, layout configurations, and multi-module screen arrangements. Based on these findings, the UI was redesigned and assessed in a second formative evaluation. Results demonstrated that maintaining continuous visibility of core vital parameters while presenting module-specific information as supplementary data was critical for clinical usability and patient safety. Preferences for integration differed by module type, reflecting variations in clinical workflow and application context. The findings support the effectiveness of iterative usability evaluation in developing safe, efficient, and clinically appropriate interfaces for modular medical devices.